The Second Liberation: How technology advances the state of women.
“If you get paid $40 an hour, and it costs $10 an hour for someone to clean your house– and you don’t actively enjoy cleaning your house– well then.” I still remember my mother explaining to me why we had strangers come into our home to clean when I was in elementary school. From the outside it was perceived as a luxury, in reality it was much more akin to a necessity– my mother, who was at the time raising me singlehandedly, was working full time as a nursing administrator at a university. A rigorous profession in academics such as hers did not leave room for her to play house unnecessarily if the resources were available to avoid it.
A look at history
I can’t remember a time when my mother wasn’t working. I doubt that she can remember a time when she didn’t work full-time, either. Looking back at that time, it’s clear to me that there had been an uptick in immigration of low-skilled labor. The uptick changed my mother’s life and mine for the better.
University of Chicago professor Patricia Cortes and University of Maryland professor Jose Tessada published a study in 2009 entitled “Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Educated Women.” The study looked at employment data from the 80s and 90s, and concluded that women with PhDs or professional degrees– highly educated women—increased, across the board, by 45 minutes the amount of time spent at work due to the impact of low-skilled laborers’ introduction into the labor market. Cortes and Tessada note that “low-skilled immigrants work disproportionately in service sectors that are close substitutes for household productions.” In other words, low-skilled labor introduced to the market addressed a market need for domestic duties that were going unmet, or were being met by workers whose skill sets were more productively employed elsewhere. Tessada and Cortes found that this influx of workers only affected the amount of time the highly-skilled and educated women spent at work. No other demographic saw a shift.
Books like The Second Shift and The Price of Motherhood posit that a working mother has two jobs: her professional job, and on top of that, a set of time-consuming domestic responsibilities. These responsibilities exist regardless of whether the woman in question is a single mother. Works like these have also brought a stark truth to light: that in choosing to have a child, a working mother will sacrifice nearly 2 million dollars in earnings—decomposed, that sacrifice is caused by both the costs of child-rearing and the forgone opportunities a mother could have taken up professionally had she decided against raising a family.
Did I miss anything instrumental to psychological development from notwatching my mom wash my clothes, do my dishes, clean the toilet or cook me dinner every night? Did she love me any less because she wasn’t home every day after school to bake me cookies like I assumed everyone else’s mom was doing? I’ll heave a big no at those questions. My mother raised a woman who is in every way her daughter: ambitious, driven, intelligent, and principled.
There are so many arguments that, on the surface, are very cogent, on the subject of whether a mother should give up her career to stay at home and raise her child. The argument we hear in favor of mothers abandoning their careers to raise their children most frequently is actually identical to the one employers use when advising against a having a child: that there’s no substitute for being there. But popular opinion on this issue has shifted dramatically in the past 30 years: contrary to what people believed in 1983, recent research indicates that the “daughters of employed mothers have been found to have higher academic achievement, greater career success, more nontraditional career choices, and greater occupational commitment.”
Conflating housework and motherhood
The notion that the daughters of highly-skilled women go on to achieve more success and set new precedents in the workplace suggests that the debate of whether those highly-skilled women should spend time with their children is unfairly conflated with whether or not they should also retain domestic responsibilities as a full-time mother would. Whether or not my mom feels like she “missed out” on raising me—not to mention the guilt that mothers place on themselves—the votes are in, and I turned out to be a pretty good egg. But that’s another discussion for another time. It’s an issue better discussed by someone who has children. What I’m more concerned about right now is where technology will be able to take this outsourcing of “chores.”
Moving to New York after college for my first corporate job lent itself to a seamless transition, where I realize that most of my cohort’s transition is somewhat rougher. I went from 0 to 60 in no time flat, starting my career at a firm that put time constraints on me that made it a logistical hardship to cook, clean or launder my own clothes. And technology has made the process of sourcing labor, goods, and extra time easier. In the past two years, particularly, I’ve noticed a transition to the ease at which I can outsource my life in the form of mobile technologies.
Technology hasn’t really changed the fundamental dynamic at hand, but it has made the actual sourcing of labor to perform domestic tasks far easier than it was in my mother’s day. Growing up in Petaluma, there was one delivery option available to my mother: Chinese food. To this day, as an effect, I can rarely stomach the stuff. Not only were our options homogenous, to be able to order she needed to have already picked up the menu and have cash physically on hand. After a while, of course, the restaurant knew our orders by heart– and if we didn’t have quite enough to cover tip, a simple “we’ll get you next time” was all that was needed. This dynamic is very tough to find in New York City.
Bringing the big city to small towns
My options today are far more diverse—not just because I live in New York now, but also because there are simple technologies that make information, contact, and payment to restaurants near me very easy. On my walk home, I can skim through the options for delivery from my phone and rush to beat the delivery man home. If I have a little forethought, I can minimize my time spend on food by ordering from FreshDirect. If I find myself in the world’s worst work-related pickle, I have options: I can post a task request on TaskRabbit and ask someone to do my grocery shopping for the week, cook me my favorite recipe, and do the dishes, all for a premium of less than fifty dollars. When it comes to needing a new outfit, I don’t even have to move from my office to try it on anymore. I can do that virtually, thanks to technology like Clothia that allows you to virtually try clothing on. Looking into the future, Levo will even be doing more for you and your career thanks to the technology that we are building. If I need a gift, I can send it using e-commerce. I can even order car service to my door without having to pick up the phone.
So how much time am I saving? In terms of sourcing domestic tasks, it’s clear that there’s at least a 45 minute benefit every week. Whether that benefit outweighs the added “compulsion and distraction” element of technology that sometimes makes it feel like my mobile phone is taking over my life, we’ll leave it to be determined. For now I’d like to think that technology is making my life easier and better.







